Giant Killers Organization

The revolutionary
development of modern weapons within a world divided by serious ideological differences has produced a crisis in human history. In order to overcome the danger of nuclear war now confronting mankind, the United States has introduced, at the Sixteenth General Assembly of the United Nations, a Program for General and
Complete Disarmament in a Peaceful World.

This new program
provides for the progressive reduction of the war-making capabilities of nations and the simultaneous strengthening of international institutions to settle disputes and maintain the peace. It sets forth a series of comprehensive measures which can and should be taken in order to bring about a world in which there will be freedom from war and security for all states. It is based on three principles deemed essential to the achievement of practical progress in the disarmament field:

1. First, there must be immediate disarmament action:
   A strenuous and
   uninterrupted effort must be made toward the goal of
   general and complete disarmament; at the same time, it is
   important that specific measures be put into effect as
   soon as possible.
2. Second, all
   disarmament obligations must be subject to effective
   international controls:

3. The control organization must have the manpower, facilities, and
   effectiveness to assure that limitations or reductions
   take place as agreed. It must also be able to certify to
   all states that retained forces and armaments do not
   exceed those permitted at any stage of the disarmament
   process.

4. Third, adequate
   peace-keeping machinery must be established:
   There is an
   inseparable relationship between the scaling down of
   national armaments on the one hand and the building up of
   international peace-keeping machinery and institutions on
   the other. Nations are unlikely to shed their means of
   self-protection in the absence of alternative ways to
   safeguard their legitimate interests. This can only be
   achieved through the progressive strengthening of
   international institutions under the United Nations and
   by creating a United Nations Peace Force to enforce the
   peace as the disarmament process proceeds.

There follows a summary of the principal provisions of the United States Program for General and Complete Disarmament in a Peaceful World. The full text of the program is contained in an appendix to this pamphlet.

SUMMARY

DISARMAMENT GOAL AND OBJECTIVES

The overall goal of the United States is a free, secure, and peaceful world of independent states adhering to common standards of justice and international conduct and subjecting the use of force to the rule of law; a world which has achieved general and complete disarmament under effective international control; and a world in which adjustment to change takes place in accordance with the
principles of the United Nations.

In order to make possible the achievement of that goal, the program sets forth the following specific objectives toward which nations should direct
their efforts:

• The disbanding of
  all national armed forces and the prohibition of their
  reestablishment in any form whatsoever other than those
  required to preserve internal order and for contributions
  to a United Nations Peace Force;

• The elimination
  from national arsenals of all armaments, including all
  weapons of mass destruction and the means for their
  delivery, other than those required for a United Nations
  Peace Force and for maintaining internal order;

• The institution of
  effective means for the enforcement of international
  agreements, for the settlement of disputes, and for the
  maintenance of peace in accordance with the principles of
  the United Nations;

• The establishment
  and effective operation of an International Disarmament
  Organization within the framework of the United Nations
  to insure compliance at all times with all disarmament
  obligations.

TASKS OF NEGOTIATING
STATES

The negotiating states are called upon to develop the program into a detailed plan for general and complete disarmament and to continue their efforts
without interruption until the whole program has been achieved. To this end, they are to seek the widest possible area of agreement at the earliest possible date. At the same time, and without prejudice to progress on the disarmament program, they
are to seek agreement on those immediate measures that would contribute to the common security of nations and that could facilitate and form part of the total program.

GOVERNING PRINCIPLES

The program sets forth
a series of general principles to guide the negotiating states in
their work. These make clear that:

• As states
  relinquish their arms, the United Nations must be
  progressively strengthened in order to improve its
  capacity to assure international security and the
  peaceful settlement of disputes;
• Disarmament must
  proceed as rapidly as possible, until it is completed, in
  stages containing balanced, phased, and safeguarded
  measures;
• Each measure and
  stage should be carried out in an agreed period of time,
  with transition from one stage to the next to take place
  as soon as all measures in the preceding stage have been
  carried out and verified and as soon as necessary
  arrangements for verification of the next stage have been
  made;
• Inspection and
  verification must establish both that nations carry out
  scheduled limitations or reductions and that they do not
  retain armed forces and armaments in excess of those
  permitted at any stage of the disarmament process; and
• Disarmament must
  take place in a manner that will not affect adversely the
  security of any state.

DISARMAMENT
STAGES

The program provides for progressive disarmament steps to take place in three stages and for the simultaneous strengthening of international institutions.

FIRST
STAGE

The first stage contains measures which would significantly reduce the
capabilities of nations to wage aggressive war. Implementation of this stage would mean that:

• The nuclear
  threat would be reduced.

• All states would
  have adhered to a treaty effectively prohibiting the
  testing of nuclear weapons.

• The production of
  fissionable materials for use in weapons would be stopped
  and quantities of such materials from past production
  would be converted to non-weapons uses.

• States owning
  nuclear weapons would not relinquish control of such
  weapons to any nation not owning them and would not
  transmit to any such nation information or material
  necessary for their manufacture.

• States not owning
  nuclear weapons would not manufacture them or attempt to
  obtain control of such weapons belonging to other states.
  

• A Commission of
  Experts would be established to report on the feasibility
  and means for the verified reduction and eventual
  elimination of nuclear weapons stockpiles.

• Strategic
  delivery vehicles would be reduced:

• Strategic nuclear
  weapons delivery vehicles of specified categories and
  weapons designed to counter such vehicles would be
  reduced to agreed levels by equitable and balanced steps;
  their production would be discontinued or limited; their
  testing would be limited or halted.

• Arms and armed
  forces would be reduced:

• The armed forces
  of the United States and the Soviet Union would be
  limited to 2.I million men each (with appropriate levels
  not exceeding that amount for other militarily
  significant states); levels of armaments would be
  correspondingly reduced and their production would be
  limited.

• An Experts
  Commission would be established to examine and report on
  the feasibility and means of accomplishing verifiable
  reduction and eventual elimination of all chemical,
  biological and radiological weapons.

• Peaceful use of
  outer space would be promoted:

• The placing in
  orbit or stationing in outer space of weapons capable of
  producing mass destruction would be prohibited.

• States would give
  advance notification of space vehicle and missile
  launchings.

• U.N.
  peace-keeping powers would be strengthened:

• Measures would be
  taken to develop and strengthen United Nations
  arrangementS for arbitration, for the development of
  international law, and for the establishment in Stage II
  of a permanent U.N. Peace Force.

• An International
  Disarmament Organization would be established for
  effective verification of the disarmament program:

• Its functions
  would be expanded progressively as disarmament proceeds.

• It would certify
  to all states that agreed reductions have taken place and
  that retained forces and armaments do not exceed
  permitted levels.

• It would determine
  the transition from one stage to the next.

• States would be
  committed to other measures to reduce international
  tension and to protect against the chance of war by
  accident, miscalculation, or surprise attack:

• States would be
  committed to refrain from the threat or use of any type
  of armed force contrary to the principles of the U.N.
  Charter and to refrain from indirect aggression and
  subversion against any country.

• A U.N. peace
  observation group would be available to investigate any
  situation which might constitute a threat to or breach of
  the peace.

• States would be
  committed to give advance notice of major military
  movements which might cause alarm; observation posts
  would be established to report on concentrations and
  movements of military forces.

SECOND
STAGE

The second stage contains a series of measures which would bring within sight a world in which there would be freedom from war. Implementation of
all measures in the second stage would mean:

• Further
  substantial reductions in the armed forces, armaments,
  and military establishments of states, including
  strategic nuclear weapons delivery vehicles and
  countering weapons;
• Further
  development of methods for the peaceful settlement of
  disputes under the United Nations;
• Establishment of a
  permanent international peace force within the United
  Nations;
• Depending on the
  findings of an Experts Commission, a halt in the
  production of chemical, bacteriological and radiological
  weapons and a reduction of existing stocks or their
  conversion to peaceful uses;
• On the basis of
  the findings of an Experts Commission, a reduction of
  stocks of nuclear weapons;
• The dismantling or
  the conversion to peaceful uses of certain military bases
  and facilities wherever located; and
• The strengthening
  and enlargement of the International Disarmament
  Organization to enable it to verify the steps taken in
  Stage II and to determine the transition to Stage III.

THIRD
STAGE

During the third stage of the program, the states of the world, building on the experience and confidence gained in successfully implementing the measures of the first two stages, would take final steps toward the goal of a world in which:

• States would
  retain only those forces, non-nuclear armaments, and
  establishments required for the purpose of maintaining
  internal order; they would also support and provide
  agreed manpower for a U.N. Peace Force.
• The U.N. Peace
  Force, equipped with agreed types and quantities of
  armaments, would be fully functioning.
• The manufacture of
  armaments would be prohibited except for those of agreed
  types and quantities to be used by the U.N. Peace Force
  and those required to maintain internal order. All other
  armaments would be destroyed or converted to peaceful
  purposes.
• The peace-keeping
  capabilities of the United Nations would be sufficiently
  strong and the obligations of all states under such
  arrangements sufficiently far-reaching as to assure peace
  and the just settlement of differences in a disarmed
  world.

APPENDIX

DECLARATION
ON DISARMAMENT

THE UNITED STATES
PROGRAM
FOR GENERAL AND COMPLETE DISARMAMENT
IN A PEACEFUL WORLD

The Nations of the
world,

Conscious of the crisis in human history produced by the revolutionary development of modern weapons within a world divided by serious ideologicaldifferences;

Determined to save present and succeeding generations from the scourge of war and the dangers and burdens of the arms race and to create conditions in which all peoples can strive freely and peacefully to fulfill
their basic aspirations;

Declare their goal to be: A free, secure, and peaceful world of independent states adhering to common standards of justice and international conduct and subjecting the use of force to the rule of law; a world where adjustment to change takes place in accordance with the principles of the United Nations; a world where there shall be a permanent state of general and complete disarmament under effective international control and where the resources of nations shall be devoted to man’s material, cultural, and spiritual advance;

1. The disbanding of
   all national armed forces and the prohibition of their
   reestablishment in any form whatsoever other than those
   required to preserve internal order and for contributions
   to a United Nations Peace Force;
2. The elimination
   from national arsenals of all armaments, including all
   weapons of mass destruction and the means for their
   delivery, other than those required for a United Nations
   Peace Force and for maintaining internal order;
3. The establishment
   and effective operation of an International Disarmament
   Organization within the framework of the United Nations
   to ensure compliance at all times with all disarmament
   obligations;
4. The institution of
   effective means for the enforcement of international
   agreements, for the settlement of disputes, and for the
   maintenance of peace in accordance with the principles of
   the United Nations.

Call on the negotiating
states:

1. To develop the
   outline program set forth below into an agreed plan for
   general and complete disarmament and to continue their
   efforts without interruption until the whole program has
   been achieved;
2. To this end to
   seek to attain the widest possible area of agreement at
   the earliest possible date;
3. Also to seek -
   without prejudice to progress on the disarmament program
   - agreement on those immediate measures that would
   contribute to the common security of nations and that
   could facilitate and form a part of that program.

Affirm that disarmament
negotiations should be guided by the following principles:

1. Disarmament shall
   take place as rapidly as possible until it is completed
   in stages containing balanced, phased and safeguarded
   measures, with each measure and stage to be carried out
   in an agreed period of time.
2. Compliance with
   all disarmament obligations shall be effectively verified
   from their entry into force. Verification arrangements
   shall be instituted progressively and in such a manner as
   to verify not only that agreed limitations or reductions
   take place but also that retained armed forces and
   armaments do not exceed agreed levels at any stage.
3. Disarmament shall
   take place in a manner that will not affect adversely the
   security of any state, whether or not a party to an
   international agreement or treaty.
4. As states
   relinquish their arms, the United Nations shall be
   progressively strengthened in order to improve its
   capacity to assure international security and the
   peaceful settlement of differences as well as to
   facilitate the development of international cooperation
   in common tasks for the benefit of mankind.
5. Transition from
   one stage of disarmament to the next shall take place as
   soon as all the measures in the preceding stage have been
   carried out and effective verification is continuing and
   as soon as the arrangements that have been agreed to be
   necessary for the next stage have been instituted.

Agree upon the
following outline program for achieving general and complete
disarmament:

STAGE I

A. To Establish an
International Disarmament Organization:

• (a) An
  International Disarmament Organization (IDO) shall be
  established within the framework of the United Nations
  upon entry into force of the agreement. Its functions
  shall be expanded progressively as required for the
  effective verification of the disarmament program.
• (b) The IDO shall
  have:
  1. a General Conference of all the parties;
  2. a
     Commission consisting of representatives of all
     the major powers as permanent members and certain
     other states on a rotating basis; and
  3. an
     Administrator who will administer the
     Organization subject to the direction of the
     Commission and who will have the authority,
     staff, and finances adequate to assure effective
     impartial implementation of the functions of the
     Organization.
• (c) The IDO shall:
  
  1. ensure
     compliance with the obligations undertaken by
     verifying the execution of measures agreed upon;
  2. assist the
     states in developing the details of agreed
     further verification and disarmament measures;
  3. provide
     for the establishment of such bodies as may be
     necessary for working out the details of further
     measures provided for in the program and for such
     other expert study groups as may be required to
     give continuous study to the problems of
     disarmament;
  4. receive
     reports on the progress of disarmament and
     verification arrangements and determine the
     transition from one stage to the next.

B. To Reduce Armed
Forces and Armaments:

• (a) Force levels
  shall be limited to 2.I million each for the U.S. and
  U.S.S.R. and to appropriate levels not exceeding 2.1
  million each for all other militarily significant states.
  Reductions to the agreed levels will proceed by
  equitable, proportionate, and verified steps.
• (b) Levels of
  armaments of prescribed types shall be reduced by
  equitable and balanced steps. The reductions shall be
  accomplished by transfers of armaments to depots
  supervised by the IDO. When, at specified periods during
  the Stage I reduction process, the states party to the
  agreement have agreed that the armaments and armed forces
  are at prescribed levels, the armaments in depots shall
  be destroyed or converted to peaceful uses.
• (c) The production
  of agreed types of armaments shall be limited.
• (d) A Chemical,
  Biological, Radiological (CBR) Experts Commission shall
  be established within the IDO for the purpose of
  examining and reporting on the feasibility and means for
  accomplishing the verifiable reduction and eventual
  elimination of CBR weapons stockpiles and the halting of
  their production.

C. To Contain and
Reduce the Nuclear Threat:

• (a) States that
  have not acceded to a treaty effectively prohibiting the
  testing of nuclear weapons shall do so.
• (b) The production
  of fissionable materials for use in weapons shall be
  stopped.
• (c) Upon the
  cessation of production of fissionable materials for use
  in weapons, agreed initial quantities of fissionable
  materials from past production shall be transferred to
  non-weapons purposes.
• (d) Any
  fissionable materials transferred between countries for
  peaceful uses of nuclear energy shall be subject to
  appropriate safeguards to be developed in agreement with
  the IAEA.
• (e) States owning
  nuclear weapons shall not relinquish control of such
  weapons to any nation not owning them and shall not
  transmit to any such nation information or material
  necessary for their manufacture. States not owning
  nuclear weapons shall not manufacture such weapons,
  attempt to obtain control of such weapons belonging to
  other states, or seek or receive information or materials
  necessary for their manufacture.
• (f) A Nuclear
  Experts Commission consisting of representatives of the
  nuclear states shall be established within the IDO for
  the purpose of examining and reporting on the feasibility
  and means for accomplishing the verified reduction and
  eventual elimination of nuclear weapons stockpiles.

D. To Reduce Strategic
Nuclear Weapons Delivery Vehicles:

• (a) Strategic
  nuclear weapons delivery vehicles in specified categories
  and agreed types of weapons designed to counter such
  vehicles shall be reduced to agreed levels by equitable
  and balanced steps. The reduction shall be accomplished
  in each step by transfers to depots supervised by the IDO
  of vehicles that are in excess of levels agreed upon for
  each step. At specified periods during the Stage I
  reduction process, the vehicles that have been placed
  under supervision of the IDO shall be destroyed or
  converted to peaceful uses.
• (b) Production of
  agreed categories of strategic nuclear weapons delivery
  vehicles and agreed types of weapons designed to counter
  such vehicles shall be discontinued or limited.
• (c) Testing of
  agreed categories of strategic nuclear weapons delivery
  vehicles and agreed types of weapons designed to counter
  such vehicles shall be limited or halted.

E. To Promote the
Peaceful Use of Outer Space:

• (a) The placing
  into orbit or stationing in outer space of weapons
  capable c,f producing mass destruction shall be
  prohibited.
• (b) States shall
  give advance notification to participating states and to
  the IDO of launchings of space vehicles and missiles,
  together with the track of the vehicle.

F. To Reduce the Risks
of War by Accident, Miscalculation, and Surprise Attack:

• (a) States shall
  give advance notification to the participating states and
  to the IDO of major military movements and maneuvers, on
  a scale as may be agreed, which might give rise to
  misinterpretation or cause alarm and induce
  countermeasures. The notification shall include the
  geographic areas to be used and the nature, scale and
  time span of the event.
• (b) There shall be
  established observation posts at such locations as major
  ports, railway centers, motor highways, and air bases to
  report on concentrations and movements of military
  forces.
• (c) There shall
  also be established such additional inspection
  arrangements to reduce the danger of surprise attack as
  may be agreed.
• (d) An
  international commission shall be established immediately
  within the IDO to examine and make recommendations on the
  possibility of further measures to reduce the risks of
  nuclear war by accident, miscalculation, or failure of
  communication.

G. To Keep the Peace:

• (a)States shall
  reaffirm their obligations under the U.N. Charter to
  refrain from the threat or use of any type of armed force
  including nuclear, conventional, or CBR - contrary to the
  principles of the U.N. Charter.
• (b) States shall
  agree to refrain from indirect aggression and subversion
  against any country.
• (c) States shall
  use all appropriate processes for the peaceful settlement
  of disputes and shall seek within the United Nations
  further arrangements for the peaceful settlement of
  international disputes and for the codification and
  progressive development of international law.
• (d) States shall
  develop arrangements in Stage I for the establishment in
  Stage II of a U.N. Peace Force.
• (e) A U.N. peace
  observation group shall be staffed with a standing cadre
  of observers who could be dispatched to investigate any
  situation which might constitute a threat to or breach of
  the peace

STAGE
II

A. International
Disarmament Organization:

• The powers and
  responsibilities of the IDO shall be progressively
  enlarged in order to give it the capabilities to verify
  the measures undertaken in Stage II.

B. To Further Reduce
Armed Forces and Armaments:

• (a) Levels of
  forces for the U.S., U.S.S.R., and other militarily
  significant states shall be further reduced by
  substantial amounts to agreed levels in equitable and
  balanced steps.
• (b) Levels of
  armaments of prescribed types shall be further reduced by
  equitable and balanced steps. The reduction shall be
  accomplished by transfers of armaments to depots
  supervised by the IDO. When, at specified periods during
  the Stage II reduction process, the parties have agreed
  that the armaments and armed forces are at prescribed
  levels, the armaments in depots shall be destroyed or
  converted to peaceful uses.
• (c) There shall be
  further agreed restrictions on the production of
  armaments.
• (d) Agreed
  military bases and facilities wherever they are located
  shall be dismantled or converted to peaceful uses.
• (e) Depending upon
  the findings of the Experts Commission on CBR weapons,
  the production of CBR weapons shall be halted, existing
  stocks progressively reduced, and the resulting excess quantities destroyed or converted to peaceful uses.

C. To Further Reduce
the Nuclear Threat:

• Stocks of nuclear
  weapons shall be progressively reduced to the minimum
  levels which can be agreed upon as a result of the
  findings of the Nuclear Experts Commission; the resulting
  excess of fissionable material shall be transferred to
  peaceful purposes.

D. To Further Reduce
Strategic Nuclear Weapons Delivery Vehicles:

• Further reductions
  in the stocks of strategic nuclear weapons delivery
  vehicles and agreed types of weapons designed to counter
  such vehicles shall be carried out in accordance with the
  procedure outlined in Stage I.

E. To Keep the Peace:

During Stage II, states shall develop further the peace-keeping processes of the United Nations, to the end that the United Nations can effectively in
Stage III deter or suppress any threat or use of force in violation of the purposes and principles of the United Nations:

• (a) States shall
  agree upon strengthening the structure, authority, and
  operation of the United Nations so as to assure that the
  United Nations will be able effectively to protect states
  against threats to or breaches of the peace.
• (b) The U.N. Peace
  Force shall be established and progressively
  strengthened.
• (c) States shall
  also agree upon further improvements and developments in
  rules of international conduct and in processes for
  peaceful settlement of disputes and differences.

STAGE
III

By the time Stage II has been completed, the confidence produced through a verified disarmament program, the acceptance of rules of peaceful international behavior, and the development of strengthened international peace-keeping processes within the framework of the U.N. should have reached a point where the states of the world can move forward to Stage III. In Stage III progressive
controlled disarmament and continuously developing principles and procedures of international law would proceed to a point where no state would have the military power to challenge the progressively strengthened U.N. Peace Force and all international disputes would be settled according to the agreed principles of international conduct.

The progressive steps
to be taken during the final phase of the disarmament program would be directed toward the attainment of a world in which:

• (a) States would
  retain only those forces, non-nuclear armaments, and
  establishments required for the purpose of maintaining
  internal order; they would also support and provide
  agreed manpower for a U.N Peace Force.
• (b) The U.N. Peace
  Force, equipped with agreed types and quantities of
  armaments, would be fully functioning.
• (c) The
  manufacture of armaments would be prohibited except for
  those of agreed types and quantities to be used by the
  U.N. Peace Force and those required to maintain internal
  order. All other armaments would be destroyed or
  converted to peaceful purposes.
• (d) The
  peace-keeping capabilities of the United Nations would be
  sufficiently strong and the obligations of all states
  under such arrangements sufficiently far-reaching as to
  assure peace and the just settlement of differences in a
  disarmed world.

U.S.
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 11161 O-609147